Present Perfect Tense

The present perfect is a grammatical combination of the present tense and the perfect aspect, used to express a past event that has present consequences.

 The Pattern :
1. Affirmative Form
S + have/has + V3
Example : Miley has gone


2. Negative Form
S + have/has  not+ V3
Example :It hasn’t worked


3. Interrogative Form
Have/has + S + V3 + ?
Example :Have you read the magazine yet? 

Past Tense

The simple past tense is sometimes called the preterite tense. We can use several tenses to talk about the past, but the simple past tense is the one we use most often.

The Pattern :
1. Affirmative Form
S + V2 
Example: Indah went my home five minutes ago


2.Negative Form
S + did not + V1
Example: He didn't buy this book tomorrow



3. Interogative Form
Did + S + V1Example: Did you go to market this morning? 

Modifier of time for simple past tense:

-Yesterday 

-Ago .Example: a minute ago, two days ago, a week ago, three months ago, two years ago, etc.

-Last .Example: last week, last year, last two days, last Monday, last December, etc.

-This+ morning/noon/afternoon/evening

Simple Present

Simple Present  to express habits, general truth, repeated actions or unchanging situations, emoticons and wishes.

Example:
~For habits = He drinks bread at breakfast.

~For general truth = Jakarta is a big city.

~For repeated actions = He only eats rice.

~For unchanging situation = I work in Bali.

Narative Text

Narrative Text is story. Mostly, narrative are imaginary stories but sometimes narratives can be factual too. Narrative includes fairy stories,fables,mystery,science,fictions,any romance and horror.

Characteristic of Narrative Text :

1. Entertain the readers

2. Structure of the text = orientation()- complication()- resolution()

3. Other Generic structure = evaluation and coda

4. Language features = nouns, adjectives, time conjuction and conjunctions, adverb and adverbial phrases, action verbs, saying verbs

Kinds of Narrative Text

• Myth

• Legend

• Fable

• Folklore

Generic Structures:

Orientation - Complication - Evaluation (optional) - Resolution

Orientation:

It is about WHO, WHEN, and WHERE the story happened.

Evaluation: 

is optional; it is usually used to make the story more interesting.

Complication: 

It is about the conflict or the big problem of the story. Complication is the part of the story in which there is a conflict among the characters of the story (it is possible to make more than one conflict in a complication), and it is the climax of the story (the big problem in the story). A story can have more than one complication.

Resolution: 

It is the solution of the problem. It can be a happy or sad ending. In Resolution, the solution or the way out of the conflict/ the big problem must be written.

Coda: 

It is the change of one of the character or two, or the meaning of the story that can be caught as a moral value of life.

Example :

There was a small village in the forest in a mountain on the east side of the earth. In the village lived a man with his son. His name was Jeremiah and his son was Clay. They lived in an old huge mansion, which was a guest house, quite far from the village. The house looked scary on the outside and the mansion’s owner also not a friendly person, but actually he had a kind heart even though they’re not rich.

One rainy and stormy night, came a beautiful young lady at the same age of his son. His son felt something wrong with the lady but he kept it inside, because he didn’t have evidence about his feeling. He kept an eye on the lady every time, every second, and every of her movement.

After dinner, the Lady asked them if they allowed her to stay for a night, as she had no house to stay. They allowed her to stay and prepared a room for her.  Clay delivered her an extra blanket, it was very cold outside. He knocked the door but no one answered, then he tried again. He decided to wait, but five minute passed, he ran out of patient. He opened the door which apparently was not locked and stepped his feet inside the room. The room was so dark and the only light came from the opened window.

The thunder stroke a tree. He put the blanket on the bed and ran to shut the window. When he shut the window, he suddenly realized that no one’s in the room. He wondered where the lady was. There was no sign that the lady left the room, so he searches for her. Starting by opened the bathroom. At first, he saw nothing and no one, but as he walked to the bathtub he saw something dropping from the ceiling above the bathtub. He looked up and saw a body hanging on the ceiling. He called over his father but when his father arrived and Clay turned his head for a second, the body disappeared. They soon found that the lady was the first owner of the mansion who was committed suicide 50 years ago. That’s the reason why the guest house was closed.

Announcement

Announcement is something said, written, or printed to make known what has happened or (more often) what will happen.

Generic structure/ points:

1.The title or type of event

2.Date or time, place

3.Contact person

Example :

 

Giving Instruction

Giving instruction is an expression that is used in order that order that other person does what we instruct or request, or giving imperative to other people for to do or not to do something, Giving instruction sometimes called comperative/prohibition.

The example expressions of giving instruction :

- Open your book!

- Close the door, please!

- Be quiet, please!

- Move the chair!

- Open the door!

- Pass me the sugar, please!

- Stand up, please!

Example of Giving Instruction :

Ladia   : Wulan, come here please !

Wulan : Ok, What's up Ladia ?

Ladia   : Please, clean the whiteboard !

Wulan : Ok !

Sympathy Expression

·         Sympathy expression is an expression or feeling of pity and sorrow when we know and see someone or people are unlucky or have trouble and in bad condition. By expressing sympathy we want to show our concern or carefulness on other people’s condition.

·          

·     How can we give sympathy expression to someone?

·     We express it directly to him/her orally or we can use a letter or card by post also by short message service (SMS), e-mail, television, radio, and newspaper if he/she who got the trouble is far from us.

·         Example expressions of sympathy :

·         -I’d like to express my deepest condolences.

·         -I’m sorry to hear that.

·         -I’m awfully sorry about....

·         -Oh, how awful!

·         -Oh, dear!

·         -You must be very upset.

·         -Oh, what a shame.

·         -How pity you are!

·         -How terrible / awful for you.

·          

·         Example of dialogue that expresses sympathy in a certain situation :

·         Indah    : You know what? Adit has lost his handphone.

·         Feni        : Oh, I’m sorry to hear that

Happiness Expression

Happiness expression is an expression that is used to show that someone or people are glad have excited feelings

What would you say tu express your happiness ???

• -I am happy.....
• -I am (very) pleased / delighted (about) ......
• -I am so glad to hear that
• -Great!
• -Fantastic!
• -You make me happy
• -My heart is so blowing now because i am happy

Invitation

Invitation is something or sentences which we can use to invite someone or group to a party or a program.

There are two type of invitation :

1. Formal Invitaion
Formal invitaion is usuallu originate from institues companies and a kind of it,
normally formal invitation is written invitaion.
2. Informal invitation
Informal invitation is personal invitation 
given to a friend, famili, etc. 

If we want invite someone, we can use :

1.would you like...?

2.can you come to ...

3.could you go to my home?

4.shall we...?

5.I'd like to invite you..

6.how about..

7.i would you like...

Accept an invitation :

- o.k. !

-that's a good idea

-thank's for your invitation

-that would be very nice. thank you !

-All right

-Thank you, I'll come...

-Of course ! I'll come ...

-Yes, I'll join to..

To refuse / dealine an invitation :

- that's nice unfortunately

- Sorry,that wouldn't be possible,thank's

- Sorry,because i have program

- Sorry,it's good,but i can't present it

- I'm awfully,sorry

- I would love,but..

- It's good,but..

- Sorry I'm busy.... 

Gaining Attention

Gaining attention is a way or expression that is spoken so that other people will pay their attention to what we want to.

The example expression of gaining attention :

• - Attention, please
• - May i have your attention, please ?
• - Excuse me, look here !
• - Listening to me, please
• - Waiter?
• - I'm sorry,but ......
• - Wow really ?

·         Example :

·         Teacher : Attention, please. Today we will watch a movie in the self access center. What do you think ?

·         Student : That's great

Recount Text

Recount Text

The definition of Recount Text :

Recount text is a text that is used to retell event for the purpose of informing  or entertaining.

The generic structures of Recount text are :

1. Orientation ( its gives the readers the background information needed to understand the text such as who was involved where it happened  ,when it happened)
2. Events ( a series of events  ordered in a chronological sequence )
3. Re-orentation  ( restates the writer’s opinion or personal comment of the writer on the incident)

The significant lexicogrammatical features :

• Uses of simple past tense
• Uses  of temporal conjuctions ( when ,after,before,next,later,then)
• Uses of personal pronoun ( I and We )

Example of Recount Text :

Bomb in Bali

The bomb, in the resort of Kuta, destroyed the Sari Club and a crowded nightspot. Many people have fallen victims to this blast. Many of them were foreign tourists, especially from Australia. They were burner beyond recognition. Some tourist who were at the scene of the blast said there were two explosions around the nightclub. One bomb had exploded outside Paddy’s Bar before a Bar bomb hit the Sari Club which was located some meters away.

Hundred were injured in the explosion and about 220 Australians remain unaccounted for. The U.K. Foreign Secretary, Jack Straw, said that 33 Britons were among those killed in the Bali attack. The Australian Primer Minister, John Howard, called its borders, saying it had been a problem for a long time.

Lists of missing people have been posted in Bali and official said that it could take days to identity all the victims, some of whom were trapped in the Sari Club by a wall of flames. A notice board at the hospital in Bali includes a section called “Unknown Identity” and detailed list on victims such as : “Young girl in intensive care, 11-14 years old, face burned, income, Causation,” or “Girl in intensive care, about 5 years old, 130 cm, fair skin, Caucasian with reddish brown hair. She has a purplish belly button ring.”

Many embassies, including the British and the American, are advising their people to cancel spending their planned holidays in Indonesia, and all U.S. citizens in the country have been told to leave including diplomats and non-essential government staff.

Procedure Text

Procedure Text is a text that is designed to describe how something is achieved through a sequence of actions or steps.It explains how people perform different  processes in a sequence of steps.This text uses simple present tense,often imperative sentence.It also uses the temporal conjunction such as : first,second,then,next,finally,etc

The generic structures of procedure text are:

• Goal / aim ( or title)
• Materials ( not required for all procedural texts)
• Steps ( the actions that must be taken)

This is an example of procedure text :

• Aim/goal (Tujuan)

·         Make an avocado juice

• Materials (Bahan-bahan)

·         1 avocado

·         A half glass of water

·         Some sugar

·         Several ice cubes

• Steps (Langkah-langkah)

1.       First, spoon out avocado pulp and place in blender.

2.       Then, add a half glass of water.

3.       Add enough sugar.

4.       Mix it or blend it.

5.       Pour the juice in a tall glass.

6.       Finally add several ice cubes.

7.       The avocado juice is ready to serve.